|
|
 |
|
|
|
Last Page
Update:
Tue, 05-Feb-2002 3:45 PM
|
|
Motivation- The factor that direct and energize behavior Motives- Desired goals that prompt behavior To psychologists, the underlying motives are assumed to steer the choice of activities. How does motivation direct and energize behavior? Instincts- inborn patterns of behavior that is biologically determined. Drive Reduction theories: the theory which claims that drives are produced to obtain our basic biological requirements. Drive: motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior in order to fulfill a need Primary drives: biological needs Secondary drives: drives in which no biological need is fulfilled Arousal theory: The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary Yerkes-Dodson law: the theory that a particular level of motivational arousal produces optimal performance of a task. Incentive Theory: The theory explaining motivation in terms of external stimuli Incentive: An external stimulus anticipated as a reward which directs and energizes behavior Opponent process theory: The theory which postulates that increase in arousal ultimately produce a calming reaction in the nervous system, and vice versa Cognitive Theories of motivation: theories explaining motivation by focusing on the role of an individual’s thoughts, expectations and understanding of the world. Expectancy-value theory: A cognitive theory that suggests that people are motivated by expectations that certain behaviors will accomplish a goal and their understanding of the importance of a goal Intrinsic motivation: Motivation causing people to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them. Extrinsic motivation: motivation causing people to participate in an activity for a tangible reward Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational needs Maslow’s model considers different motivational needs to be ordered in a hierarchy, and it suggests that before more sophisticated , higher order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied. Self-actualization- a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential What are emotions, how do we experience them, and what are their functions? Emotions: Feelings (such as happiness, despair, and sorrow) that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior Functions of Emotions:
Three models of Emotion The James-Lange Theory: The belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation. Visceral experience- the "gut" reaction experienced internally, triggering an emotion. The Cannon Bard Theory: The belief that both physiological and emotional arousal are produced simultaneously by the same nerve impulse. Schachter-Singer Theory- The belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues |